Stomatológ - Latest articles

Overview of Selected Biomaterials for Bone Augmentation in the Orofacial Region, Part II

MDDr. Zdenka LUČIVJANSKÁ, MDDr. Radoslav STEHLÍK, MUDr. Peter KIZEK, PhD., MHA, MPH, MDDr. Branislav BORZA, PhD.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):31-34  

Bone augmentation in the orofacial region is an essential component of reconstructive surgery in the management of defects caused by atrophy, trauma, or resection. This review provides an overview of selected biomaterials used for bone regeneration, evaluating their biological properties, indications, and clinical effectiveness. Autologous bone remains the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive potential, although its use is limited by donor-site morbidity and restricted availability. Allogeneic and xenogeneic materials offer suitable alternatives with high predictability, particularly in combined augmentation techniques....

Overview of Selected Biomaterials for Bone Augmentation in the Orofacial Region, Part I

MDDr. Zdenka LUČIVJANSKÁ, MDDr. Radoslav STEHLÍK, MUDr. Peter KIZEK, PhD., MHA, MPH, MDDr. Branislav BORZA, PhD.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):28-30  

Bone augmentation in the orofacial region is an essential component of reconstructive surgery in the managementof defects caused by atrophy, trauma, or resection. This review provides an overview of selected biomaterials usedfor bone regeneration, evaluating their biological properties, indications, and clinical effectiveness. Autologousbone remains the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive potential, althoughits use is limited by donor-site morbidity and restricted availability. Allogeneic and xenogeneic materials offersuitable alternatives with high predictability, particularly in combined...

Pharmacological sedation with midazolam during dental treatment of pediatric patients

Šmocer, P., Dávid, Kucková, V., Tomová, K., Kizek, P.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):24-27  

Pharmacological sedation is an important tool in pediatric dentistry, allowing safe and atraumatic treatment ofpatients with severe anxiety or limited cooperation.Midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, is the most commonly used sedative in this field. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the pharmacological profile, pharmacokinetics, safety characteristics, indications and contraindications, clinical applications, advantages and disadvantages, as well as the public health andorganizational aspects of its use in pediatric dentistry.

Guided Immediate Implantation with Immediate Loading:
A Comprehensive Analysis of Current Surgical and Prosthetic Protocols, Biological Principles, and Clinical Outcomes in the era of digital dentistry

Štorcelová Dorota1, Beneš Pavel1,2, Staněk Ján1,3, Malíček Ľubomír4, Hocková Barbora1, Slávik Rastislav1,4, Stebel Adam1,4

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):16-23  

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge on guided immediate implantation withimmediate loading (GII/IL) within the context of digital dentistry. Modern digital technologies—CBCT, intraoral scanning, and software-based planning—enable precise implant positioning, therefore minimizing surgical deviations and increasing the predictability of outcomes. Atraumatic extraction, control of primary stability (IT ≥ 30 Ncm, ISQ ≥ 70), and a properly designed emergence profile are key factors for successful osseointegrationunder immediate loading protocols. Provisional restorations allow soft-tissue...

Hemiextraction of primary molars in second premolar agenesis – evolution of recommendations and current perspective

MDDr. Slávka Pčolová, MDDr. Ľubomír Gazdík

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):13-15  

The aim of this paper is to summarize the development of recommendations for hemiextraction (hemisection) of primary second molars in cases of second premolar agenesis and to compare them with current evidence.The article is based on an analysis of the available literature and expert discussions published between 1996 and 2025. The summarized data indicate that the success of hemiextraction depends primarily on the patient’s age and the proper timing of the procedure, with the best results achieved before the eruption of the permanent second molar.Recent randomized controlled trials have confirmed that hemiextraction does not provide...

Human papillomavirus associated with oral squamous cell carcinomas

Janíčková, M., Hvizdoš, D., Jozefík, M., Sudzinová, K., Kalmanová, S., Juríček, R., Hrivnák, D.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):6-12  

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with approximately700,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths annually. In recent decades, infection with high-risk types of HPV (high-risk,HR-HPV) has been linked to the etiology of oropharyngeal and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC and OSCC).It is now also considered an important prognostic biomarker. HPV-associated tumors represent a specific subgroup of OPSCC and OSCC that differs from HPVindependent tumors in terms of clinical characteristics, morphology, biological behavior, response to treatment, and prognosis. HPV is present in approximately...

Level of oral hygiene in treatment with fixed appliances and clear aligners

MDDr. Natália Gerdová1,2, MDDr. Eleonóra Ivančová, PhD.1,2, MUDr. Vladimíra Schwartzová, PhD., MPH, MHA1

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):35-42  

ABSTRACT The authors of the study examine the impact of fixed appliances and clear aligners on oral hygiene levels, investigating how these devices affect biofilm formation, as well as the development of supragingival and subgingival plaque, including its microbiological composition. They assess the level of oral hygiene of patients using plaque detection methods and the application of the quantitative QHI index. The cohort of patients is analyzed and categorized based on research group, gender, and age. The aim of the study was to gain insights into the impact of fixed appliances and clear aligners on oral hygiene levels and provide useful information...

Ectodermal dysplasia – a rare diagnosis in an orthodontic practice

MDDr. Dominika Michalcová, MUDr. Simona Dianišková, PhD., MPH

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):31-34  

ABSTRACT Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED) represents a group of over 200 genetically determined disorders characterized by the involvement of at least two ectodermal-derived structures. This rare condition, among the others, leads to hypodontia or oligodontia, altered facial features, and impaired oral function. Due to its impact on craniofacial development and dentition, ED significantly affects patients' quality of life, posing unique challenges for dental and orthodontic care. Successful treatment requires a carefully coordinated and multidisciplinary approach, where orthodontic intervention plays a central role in managing skeletal discrepancies and preparing...

Condylar Shaving – Correction of Facial Asymmetry and Occlusion in Laterognathia: A Case Report

MDDr. Sarah Kalmanová, MUDr. Alena Koniarová, MDDr. Zuzana Koniarová, MUDr. Petr Michl, Ph.D., MDDr. Tomáš Broniš,, MUDr. Eva Sedlatá, Ph.D., MDDr. Rastislav Juríček, doc. MUDr. Mária Janíčková, PhD., MPH

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):25-30  

ABSTRACT Unilateral condylar hyperplasia represents a pathological abnormal growth of the temporomandibular joint, which can affect both function and the aesthetics of the facial skeleton—leading to laterognathia and facial asymmetry. Diagnosis is based not only on clinical examination but also on scintigraphy of the temporomandibular joints. In the presented case report, we describe a female patient with condylar hyperplasia of the right temporomandibular joint and skeletal Class III, in whom surgical intervention on the temporomandibular joint led to the correction of facial asymmetry while preserving joint function. We assume that early diagnosis...

Delayed development of the lower second premolars

MDDr. Denis Ruškár, MDDr. Eva Kopernická, MUDr. Simona Dianišková, PhD., MPH., univ.doc.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):21-24  

ABSTRACT Delayed odontogenesis of the lower second premolars represents a relatively rare aberration in dental development, which may affect final occlusion, spatial arrangement of teeth and orthodontic treatment planning. This article analyzes the etiopathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical implications of delayed odontogenesis of the second premolars, with particular emphasis on the differential diagnosis among physiological delay, hypoplasia and agenesis. A case study is presented, documenting longitudinal follow-up of siblings with delayed mineralization of the mandibular second premolars.

Management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

MDDr. Katalin Hegyi, MUDr. Simona Dianišková, PhD., MPH, univ. doc.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):15-20  

ABSTRACT Sleep is a vital physiological state essential for proper growth, development, emotional well-being, and immune function in children. Higher sleep quality is associated with increased secretion of growth hormone and reduced nocturnal motor activity. In recent years, the prevalence of sleep disorders has been steadily increasing. Habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are among the most common conditions, both caused by upper airway collapse during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is widely regarded as the most severe form of sleep-disordered breathing, affecting both adults and children. In pediatric patients, dysfunctional breathing...

Ultrasound Guided Suprazygomatic block of the sphenopalatinal ganglion and its use as method of anesthesia in surgical treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis

MDDr. Martina Semanová1, MUDr. Peter Lenčéš2, MUDr. Lívia Sladká, PhD., MHA1, MDDr. Peter Harich1, MUDr. Vladimíra Schwartzová, PhD., MPH3

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):10-14  

ABSTRACT Performing surgical treatment of chronic sinusitis or antral cysts is not that extensive procedure, however in local anesthesia it can be painful due to extensive inflammation of sinus mucosa, because of that we usually use general anesthesia to undergo the surgery. General anesthesia is overall safe and those with significant health conditions can undergo procedures under it, but it can also have a lot of complications. Nowadays due to discovery of modern techniques , monitoring equipment and safe anesthetic agents, there is decline in morbidity and mortality rates, however the incidence of minor and more common complications has not change...

Editoriál

MUDr. Juraj Strecha, PhD.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):3  

X-ray diagnostics in orthodontics – a comparison of slovak and international guidelines

MDDr. Ľubomír Gazdík 1,2, prof. MUDr. Viera Lehotská, PhD.1

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):6-9  

ABSTRACT Radiographic diagnostics plays a fundamental role in orthodontic examination and treatment planning. Considering the risks of ionizing radiation, especially in the pediatric population, the application of the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) and an evidence-based approach is essential. In 2025, the Slovak Orthodontic Society approved its Standard Therapeutic Procedures, providing an opportunity to compare them with international guidelines. The aim of this paper is to analyze the indications, frequency, and optimization of the use of major radiographic methods (OPG, cephalometry, CBCT) in orthodontics in the context of Slovak...

Rozlúčka s docentom MUDr. Ivanom Erdelským, CSc., mimoriadnym profesorom

Peter Stanko

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):22  

Laudatio on the 70th birthday of Prof. MUDr. Peter Stanko, PhD.

Klinika stomatológie a maxilofaciálnej chirurgie LFUK a OÚSA v Bratislave

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):21  

Medial temporomandibular joint disc displacement

Peter Kizek, Branislav Borza, Karolina Kamila Gliňska, Vladimíra Schwartzová

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):18-20 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.012  

Medial displacement of the temporomandibular joint disc is a less common type of internal derangement. It has less typical clinical symptoms than anterior displacement, which is much more common in clinical practice. The authors present a brief summary of information about this disease, supplemented by case report.

Endoscopically Assisted Transfacial Approach to Sialolith Extirpation: A Case Report

Michal Vavro, Bronislava Dvoranová, Natália Gurčíková, Dávid Med, Ladislav Czakó

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):15-17 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.011  

Sialoendoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic technique that allows direct visualization of the ductal system of salivary glands and enables therapeutic intervention. Larger sialoliths located deep within the ductal system of the parotid gland represent one of the most significant therapeutic challenges in the treatment of obstructive sialadenitis. For sialoliths in Stensen’s duct larger than 3 mm, the likelihood of successful endoscopic extraction is low. In 2024, the first transfacial endoscopically assisted removal of a sialolith from the parotid gland in Slovakia was performed at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial...

Eagle's Syndrome: A Rare and Overlooked Issue in Dentistry

Anna Kobyliaková, Marek Soviš, Ivana Vidová, Barbora Šufliarsky, Kristián Šimko, Branislav Gális, Ladislav Czakó

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):11-14 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.010  

Eagle Syndrome, first described in 1937 by American otorhinolaryngologist Watt Weems Eagle, is a rare condition characterized by symptoms resulting from the elongation or calcification of the styloid process or the stylohyoid ligament. This condition is also referred to in the literature by several other names, such as stylohyoid syndrome, elongated process syndrome, or stylalgia [1].This anatomical anomaly can cause and compress surrounding structures, including cranial nerves, cervical blood vessels, and the pharyngeal wall, leading to a variable clinical presentation. The diagnosis is often challenging due to non-specific symptoms overlapping...

Traumatic oronasal communication: a retrospective analysis of patients at the Clinic of stomatology and maxillofacial
surgery, Jessenius faculty of medicine, Comenius University and University hospital in Martin

Rastislav Juríček, Sarah Kalmanová, Daniel Hvizdoš, Zuzana Frličková, Mária Janíčková

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):6-10 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.009  

Oronasal communication is a condition characterized by a pathological connection between the oral and nasal cavities. It represents a serious problem that affects patients' quality of life by causing difficulties with breathing, speech, and food intake. In this paper, we present cases of oronasal communication of traumatic etiology and discuss possible approaches to closing the resulting defect. Various surgical techniques are used in treatment, such as the palatal mucoperiosteal rotation flap or prosthetic methods, including temporary closure using a palatal plate – obturator prosthesis. The article evaluates achieved clinical outcomes, encountered...

Editorial

Juraj Strecha

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):3  

Specific interactions of magnetic resonance imaging and materials used in orthodontics

Ľubomír Gazdík, Juraj Lysý, Viera Lehotská

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):36-39 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.007  

Nuclear magnetic resonance has become an essential diagnostic tool in medicine. Interactions between the magnetic field of the tomograph and materials used in orthodontic treatment can lead to adverse effects and a decrease in the diagnostic value of the examination. This article provides an overview of the issue with implications for clinical practice - it describes types of interactions and focuses on the specifics of their occurrence. It discusses options for influencing them and finally, it summarizes available guidelines from orthodontic associations regarding the examination of orthodontic patients using magnetic resonance imaging.

Possibilities of influence on growth and development of maxilla and mandible by orthodontic treatment

Natália Sokolová, Naďa Homzová, Mária Futejová, Kornélia Pandyová, Adriána Petrášová, Janka Jenčová, Andrej Jenča ml.

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):32-35 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.006  

By the action of mechanisms used in orthodontic treatment, we can influence the shape and growth of the jaws. During development, this can be achieved conservatively using orthodontic appliances; however, we are limited by the genetic potential of each individual, which affects the occurrence of various malocclusions, as well as genetically determined factors such as the size, shape, and direction of jaw and maxilla growth. Orthodontic regulation of the developing dentition is important, particularly from both functional and aesthetic perspectives. In this overview article, the authors provide a summary of information on the possibilities of influencing...

The use of a bite splint as a preventive aspect in the prosthetic reconstruction of dental arches

Naďa Homzová, Natália Sokolová, Mária Futejová, Kornélia Pandyová, Andrej Jenča ml., Adriána Petrášová, Janka Jenčová

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):27-31 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.005  

Prosthetic dentistry is overcoming the rapid development of the technological revolution. Current methods of prosthetic dentistry make it possible to very well rehabilitate function, aesthetics and significantly reduce pain. Patient's satisfaction and quality of life with regard to oral health are two values that have gained great importance in recent years. From a functional point of view, teeth, their suspension apparatus, maxilla, mandible, masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint are not isolated anatomical structures, but are considered as one functional unit. Therefore, together with their nervous system, they are associated with the term...

Pulp canal obliteration in immature permanent teeth following dental trauma

Jaroslav Ďurica, Jana Kaiferová, Silvia Timková, Lenka Soták Benedeková

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):23-25 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.004  

Injuries to the tooth supporting tissues with incomplete root development are among the most common dental injuries and have a direct impact on the integrity of the dental pulp. One of the responses of the pulp to a tooth injury is the uncontrolled production of reparative dentine with subsequent obliteration of the pulp chamber and the root canal. Due to lower risk of pulp necrosis, such a reaction is considered a favorable outcome of pulp regeneration. In this work, the authors present two case reports of a subluxated immature permenent tooth, in which, despite a negative vitality test, the development will be completed with subsequent obliteration...

Mental foramen - a study of position

Peter Plachý, Alexandros Tzigeris, Peter Stanko

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):20-22 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.003  

Anesthesia for the mental foramen is one of the standard methods in dentistry. It is a simple anesthesia, but it depends on the exact injection to the mental foramen. The aim of the study was to determine variations in the horizontal localization of mental foramen. The location was identified on OPG images. The main criterion for assessing the location was the relationship of mental foramen to the tips of the roots of the lower premolars /1.PM and 2.PM/and the 1st molar /1.M/. 5 localizations of foramen mentale were determined. Localization between radix of 1.PM and 2.PM, localization under radix of 2.PM, localization under radix of 1.PM, localization...

Practical fabrication of a hybrid bar-retained denture supported by four dental implants in the maxilla

Mária Frolo, Vladimír Zábrodský

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):12-19 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.002  

The article describes the practical fabrication of a hybrid bar-retained denture supported by dental implants in the upper jaw using modern technological procedures. This process includes everything from preliminary impressions, through digital fabrication of a printed version of the test model of the restoration, to fabrication of the milled bar using CAD-CAM techniques. Despite improvements in dental care, the number of edentulous patients is on the rise, mainly due to the increasing number of elderly patients. The possibility of using dental implants to rehabilitate the edentulous jaw is a welcome alternative to conventional removable dentures....

Diastema and correct timing of frenectomy

Simona Dianišková, Madalena Harędzińska

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):6-11 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.001  

This research paper examines the incidence of diastema across different stages of tooth development, its impact on occlusal integrity, and its influence on the alignment of adjacent teeth, within the context of orthodontic care. Diastema mediale, commonly resolving after the eruption of permanent canines in growing children, can persist until adulthood, leading to aesthetic and functional impairment. The variability in diastema prevalence due to age and gender is significant as the transition from mixed to permanent dentition occurs. The article highlights the critical significance of different types of labial frenula and their anatomical positioning...

Editorial

Juraj Strecha

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):3