Stomatológ - Latest articles

CAD/CAM inlay, onlay and overlay restorations in posterior teeth: a practical indication strategy

MDDr. Alexandros Tzigeris, prof. MUDr. Dušan Hirjak, PhD., doc. MUDr. Andrej Thurzo, PhD., MPH, MHA, prof. MUDr. Peter Stanko, PhD.

Stomatológ 2026, 36(1):32-36 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2026.007  

Aim: To provide a practical indication strategy for choosing between CAD/CAM inlay, onlay and overlay restorations in posterior teeth. Methods: This article is a targeted review based on systematic reviews, clinical studies, experimental research and relevant own experimental experience with CAD/CAM inlay restorations. Results: Clinical decision-making can be organized into four interconnected domains: remaining tooth structure, marginal predictability of the digital workflow, adhesive feasibility, and biomechanical-material behaviour of the restoration. Conclusion: The choice between inlay, onlay and overlay restorations should not be based only...

Shear bond strength of orthodontic buccal tubes bonded to third molar enamel and surface-treated composite restorations

MDDr. Kornélia Pandyová, MUDr. Adriana Petrašová PhD., MDDr. Mária Futejová, MUDr. Naďa Homzová, MDDr. Natália Sokolová, MUDr. Andrej Jenča, PhD., MBA

Stomatológ 2026, 36(1):28-31 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2026.006  

The aim of this study was to compare the adhesive bond strength of orthodontic buccal tubes bonded to third molar enamel, composite restorations, and mechanically treated composite surfaces. Sixty extracted teeth were divided into three groups (n = 20), and bond strength was determined via pressure test. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of α = 0.05. The highest bond strength values were recorded for mechanically roughened composite surfaces treated with a diamond bur; however, no statistically significant differences were found among the evaluated groups. Despite the lack of...

Management of Bilateral Impaction of Upper Canines with Asymmetric Eruption Prognosis – A Case Report

MDDr. Nora Kelecsényiová, MDDr. Jana Tkáčiková, MDDr. Alessandro Emanuele Sangalli, MUDr. et MUDr. Juraj Lysý, PhD., MHA

Stomatológ 2026, 36(1):23-27 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2026.005  

Bilateral impaction of maxillary canines is a clinically challenging condition, especially when the initial tooth position is unfavorable. This case report presents the treatment of a patient with bilateral impaction of maxillary canines and an unfavorable prognosis for orthodontic eruption on one side. Despite the unfavorable initial position of the canine, both canines were successfully aligned within the dental arch. The case report highlights the need for a differentiated treatment approach on each side.

Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis of the Mandible in a 9-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report

MDDr. Andrej Bublák, MDDr. Sarah Kalmanová, MDDr. Mária Michálková, MDDr. Rastislav Juríček, MDDr. Denis Hrivnák, MUDr. Dušan Genšor, doc. MUDr. Mária Janíčková, PhD., MPH

Stomatológ 2026, 36(1):18-22 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2026.004  

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) of the mandible is a rare autoinflammatory disease primarily affecting children and adolescents. Prolonged diagnostic delay — typically 11–15 months — results from a nonspecific clinical picture mimicking bacterial infection, in the absence of fever, positive cultures, and significant inflammatory laboratory markers. We present a case of a 9-year-old female patient with recurrent inflammatory involvement of the mandible. After several months of unsuccessful antibiotic management, CNO was histologically verified. Retrospective scoring according to the EULAR/ACR 2025 classification criteria reached...

New International Classification of Orofacial Pain in Relation to Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Doc. MUDr. Juraj Zajko, CSc., MDDr. David Med

Stomatológ 2026, 36(1):13-17 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2026.003  

The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the classification criteria for pain conditions associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems. Previous classifications created by the International Headache Society (IHS) such as the classification of neuralgic pain - ICHD 3 (The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition) discussed headaches in terms of primary, secondary and painful cranial neuropathies. The same society (IHS) has significantly developed pain conditions in the new international classification of orofacial pain (The international classification of orofacial pain – ICOP), divided into seven chapters,...

When should the first panoramic radiograph be indicated in a child?

MDDr. Ľubomír Gazdík 1, 2, prof. MUDr. Viera Lehotská, PhD.1

Stomatológ 2026, 36(1):10-12  

Panoramic radiography is an important diagnostic tool in the assessment of dental development in paediatric patients. However, the indication of the so-called first panoramic radiograph should not be understood as a routine screening examination for all children at a certain age. Radiographic examination should follow a clinical examination and should be indicated when it can be expected that its result will influence the diagnosis, treatment plan, or further management of the patient. This article summarizes a practical perspective on the indication of the first panoramic radiograph in a child in the context of Slovak and international professional...

Overview of Selected Biomaterials for Bone Augmentation in the Orofacial Region, Part III

MDDr. Zdenka Lučivjanská, MDDr. Radoslav Stehlík, doc. MUDr. Peter Kizek, PhD., MHA, MPH, MDDr. Branislav Borza, PhD.

Stomatológ 2026, 36(1):6-9 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2026.001  

Bone augmentation in the orofacial region is an essential component of reconstructive surgery in the management of defects caused by atrophy, trauma, or resection. This review provides an overview of selected biomaterials used for bone regeneration, evaluating their biological properties, indications, and clinical effectiveness. Autologous bone remains the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive potential, although its use is limited by donor-site morbidity and restricted availability. Allogeneic and xenogeneic materials offer suitable alternatives with high predictability, particularly in combined augmentation techniques....

Overview of Selected Biomaterials for Bone Augmentation in the Orofacial Region, Part II

MDDr. Zdenka LUČIVJANSKÁ, MDDr. Radoslav STEHLÍK, MUDr. Peter KIZEK, PhD., MHA, MPH, MDDr. Branislav BORZA, PhD.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):31-34  

Bone augmentation in the orofacial region is an essential component of reconstructive surgery in the management of defects caused by atrophy, trauma, or resection. This review provides an overview of selected biomaterials used for bone regeneration, evaluating their biological properties, indications, and clinical effectiveness. Autologous bone remains the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive potential, although its use is limited by donor-site morbidity and restricted availability. Allogeneic and xenogeneic materials offer suitable alternatives with high predictability, particularly in combined augmentation techniques....

Overview of Selected Biomaterials for Bone Augmentation in the Orofacial Region, Part I

MDDr. Zdenka LUČIVJANSKÁ, MDDr. Radoslav STEHLÍK, MUDr. Peter KIZEK, PhD., MHA, MPH, MDDr. Branislav BORZA, PhD.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):28-30  

Bone augmentation in the orofacial region is an essential component of reconstructive surgery in the managementof defects caused by atrophy, trauma, or resection. This review provides an overview of selected biomaterials usedfor bone regeneration, evaluating their biological properties, indications, and clinical effectiveness. Autologousbone remains the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive potential, althoughits use is limited by donor-site morbidity and restricted availability. Allogeneic and xenogeneic materials offersuitable alternatives with high predictability, particularly in combined...

Pharmacological sedation with midazolam during dental treatment of pediatric patients

Šmocer, P., Dávid, Kucková, V., Tomová, K., Kizek, P.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):24-27  

Pharmacological sedation is an important tool in pediatric dentistry, allowing safe and atraumatic treatment ofpatients with severe anxiety or limited cooperation.Midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, is the most commonly used sedative in this field. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the pharmacological profile, pharmacokinetics, safety characteristics, indications and contraindications, clinical applications, advantages and disadvantages, as well as the public health andorganizational aspects of its use in pediatric dentistry.

Guided Immediate Implantation with Immediate Loading:
A Comprehensive Analysis of Current Surgical and Prosthetic Protocols, Biological Principles, and Clinical Outcomes in the era of digital dentistry

Štorcelová Dorota1, Beneš Pavel1,2, Staněk Ján1,3, Malíček Ľubomír4, Hocková Barbora1, Slávik Rastislav1,4, Stebel Adam1,4

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):16-23  

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge on guided immediate implantation withimmediate loading (GII/IL) within the context of digital dentistry. Modern digital technologies—CBCT, intraoral scanning, and software-based planning—enable precise implant positioning, therefore minimizing surgical deviations and increasing the predictability of outcomes. Atraumatic extraction, control of primary stability (IT ≥ 30 Ncm, ISQ ≥ 70), and a properly designed emergence profile are key factors for successful osseointegrationunder immediate loading protocols. Provisional restorations allow soft-tissue...

Hemiextraction of primary molars in second premolar agenesis – evolution of recommendations and current perspective

MDDr. Slávka Pčolová, MDDr. Ľubomír Gazdík

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):13-15  

The aim of this paper is to summarize the development of recommendations for hemiextraction (hemisection) of primary second molars in cases of second premolar agenesis and to compare them with current evidence.The article is based on an analysis of the available literature and expert discussions published between 1996 and 2025. The summarized data indicate that the success of hemiextraction depends primarily on the patient’s age and the proper timing of the procedure, with the best results achieved before the eruption of the permanent second molar.Recent randomized controlled trials have confirmed that hemiextraction does not provide...

Human papillomavirus associated with oral squamous cell carcinomas

Janíčková, M., Hvizdoš, D., Jozefík, M., Sudzinová, K., Kalmanová, S., Juríček, R., Hrivnák, D.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):6-12  

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with approximately700,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths annually. In recent decades, infection with high-risk types of HPV (high-risk,HR-HPV) has been linked to the etiology of oropharyngeal and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC and OSCC).It is now also considered an important prognostic biomarker. HPV-associated tumors represent a specific subgroup of OPSCC and OSCC that differs from HPVindependent tumors in terms of clinical characteristics, morphology, biological behavior, response to treatment, and prognosis. HPV is present in approximately...

Level of oral hygiene in treatment with fixed appliances and clear aligners

MDDr. Natália Gerdová1,2, MDDr. Eleonóra Ivančová, PhD.1,2, MUDr. Vladimíra Schwartzová, PhD., MPH, MHA1

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):35-42  

ABSTRACT The authors of the study examine the impact of fixed appliances and clear aligners on oral hygiene levels, investigating how these devices affect biofilm formation, as well as the development of supragingival and subgingival plaque, including its microbiological composition. They assess the level of oral hygiene of patients using plaque detection methods and the application of the quantitative QHI index. The cohort of patients is analyzed and categorized based on research group, gender, and age. The aim of the study was to gain insights into the impact of fixed appliances and clear aligners on oral hygiene levels and provide useful information...

Ectodermal dysplasia – a rare diagnosis in an orthodontic practice

MDDr. Dominika Michalcová, MUDr. Simona Dianišková, PhD., MPH

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):31-34  

ABSTRACT Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED) represents a group of over 200 genetically determined disorders characterized by the involvement of at least two ectodermal-derived structures. This rare condition, among the others, leads to hypodontia or oligodontia, altered facial features, and impaired oral function. Due to its impact on craniofacial development and dentition, ED significantly affects patients' quality of life, posing unique challenges for dental and orthodontic care. Successful treatment requires a carefully coordinated and multidisciplinary approach, where orthodontic intervention plays a central role in managing skeletal discrepancies and preparing...

Condylar Shaving – Correction of Facial Asymmetry and Occlusion in Laterognathia: A Case Report

MDDr. Sarah Kalmanová, MUDr. Alena Koniarová, MDDr. Zuzana Koniarová, MUDr. Petr Michl, Ph.D., MDDr. Tomáš Broniš,, MUDr. Eva Sedlatá, Ph.D., MDDr. Rastislav Juríček, doc. MUDr. Mária Janíčková, PhD., MPH

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):25-30  

ABSTRACT Unilateral condylar hyperplasia represents a pathological abnormal growth of the temporomandibular joint, which can affect both function and the aesthetics of the facial skeleton—leading to laterognathia and facial asymmetry. Diagnosis is based not only on clinical examination but also on scintigraphy of the temporomandibular joints. In the presented case report, we describe a female patient with condylar hyperplasia of the right temporomandibular joint and skeletal Class III, in whom surgical intervention on the temporomandibular joint led to the correction of facial asymmetry while preserving joint function. We assume that early diagnosis...

Delayed development of the lower second premolars

MDDr. Denis Ruškár, MDDr. Eva Kopernická, MUDr. Simona Dianišková, PhD., MPH., univ.doc.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):21-24  

ABSTRACT Delayed odontogenesis of the lower second premolars represents a relatively rare aberration in dental development, which may affect final occlusion, spatial arrangement of teeth and orthodontic treatment planning. This article analyzes the etiopathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical implications of delayed odontogenesis of the second premolars, with particular emphasis on the differential diagnosis among physiological delay, hypoplasia and agenesis. A case study is presented, documenting longitudinal follow-up of siblings with delayed mineralization of the mandibular second premolars.

Management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

MDDr. Katalin Hegyi, MUDr. Simona Dianišková, PhD., MPH, univ. doc.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):15-20  

ABSTRACT Sleep is a vital physiological state essential for proper growth, development, emotional well-being, and immune function in children. Higher sleep quality is associated with increased secretion of growth hormone and reduced nocturnal motor activity. In recent years, the prevalence of sleep disorders has been steadily increasing. Habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are among the most common conditions, both caused by upper airway collapse during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is widely regarded as the most severe form of sleep-disordered breathing, affecting both adults and children. In pediatric patients, dysfunctional breathing...

Ultrasound Guided Suprazygomatic block of the sphenopalatinal ganglion and its use as method of anesthesia in surgical treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis

MDDr. Martina Semanová1, MUDr. Peter Lenčéš2, MUDr. Lívia Sladká, PhD., MHA1, MDDr. Peter Harich1, MUDr. Vladimíra Schwartzová, PhD., MPH3

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):10-14  

ABSTRACT Performing surgical treatment of chronic sinusitis or antral cysts is not that extensive procedure, however in local anesthesia it can be painful due to extensive inflammation of sinus mucosa, because of that we usually use general anesthesia to undergo the surgery. General anesthesia is overall safe and those with significant health conditions can undergo procedures under it, but it can also have a lot of complications. Nowadays due to discovery of modern techniques , monitoring equipment and safe anesthetic agents, there is decline in morbidity and mortality rates, however the incidence of minor and more common complications has not change...

Editoriál

MUDr. Juraj Strecha, PhD.

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):3  

X-ray diagnostics in orthodontics – a comparison of slovak and international guidelines

MDDr. Ľubomír Gazdík 1,2, prof. MUDr. Viera Lehotská, PhD.1

Stomatológ 2025, 35(1):6-9  

ABSTRACT Radiographic diagnostics plays a fundamental role in orthodontic examination and treatment planning. Considering the risks of ionizing radiation, especially in the pediatric population, the application of the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) and an evidence-based approach is essential. In 2025, the Slovak Orthodontic Society approved its Standard Therapeutic Procedures, providing an opportunity to compare them with international guidelines. The aim of this paper is to analyze the indications, frequency, and optimization of the use of major radiographic methods (OPG, cephalometry, CBCT) in orthodontics in the context of Slovak...

Rozlúčka s docentom MUDr. Ivanom Erdelským, CSc., mimoriadnym profesorom

Peter Stanko

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):22  

Laudatio on the 70th birthday of Prof. MUDr. Peter Stanko, PhD.

Klinika stomatológie a maxilofaciálnej chirurgie LFUK a OÚSA v Bratislave

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):21  

Medial temporomandibular joint disc displacement

Peter Kizek, Branislav Borza, Karolina Kamila Gliňska, Vladimíra Schwartzová

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):18-20 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.012  

Medial displacement of the temporomandibular joint disc is a less common type of internal derangement. It has less typical clinical symptoms than anterior displacement, which is much more common in clinical practice. The authors present a brief summary of information about this disease, supplemented by case report.

Endoscopically Assisted Transfacial Approach to Sialolith Extirpation: A Case Report

Michal Vavro, Bronislava Dvoranová, Natália Gurčíková, Dávid Med, Ladislav Czakó

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):15-17 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.011  

Sialoendoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic technique that allows direct visualization of the ductal system of salivary glands and enables therapeutic intervention. Larger sialoliths located deep within the ductal system of the parotid gland represent one of the most significant therapeutic challenges in the treatment of obstructive sialadenitis. For sialoliths in Stensen’s duct larger than 3 mm, the likelihood of successful endoscopic extraction is low. In 2024, the first transfacial endoscopically assisted removal of a sialolith from the parotid gland in Slovakia was performed at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial...

Eagle's Syndrome: A Rare and Overlooked Issue in Dentistry

Anna Kobyliaková, Marek Soviš, Ivana Vidová, Barbora Šufliarsky, Kristián Šimko, Branislav Gális, Ladislav Czakó

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):11-14 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.010  

Eagle Syndrome, first described in 1937 by American otorhinolaryngologist Watt Weems Eagle, is a rare condition characterized by symptoms resulting from the elongation or calcification of the styloid process or the stylohyoid ligament. This condition is also referred to in the literature by several other names, such as stylohyoid syndrome, elongated process syndrome, or stylalgia [1].This anatomical anomaly can cause and compress surrounding structures, including cranial nerves, cervical blood vessels, and the pharyngeal wall, leading to a variable clinical presentation. The diagnosis is often challenging due to non-specific symptoms overlapping...

Traumatic oronasal communication: a retrospective analysis of patients at the Clinic of stomatology and maxillofacial
surgery, Jessenius faculty of medicine, Comenius University and University hospital in Martin

Rastislav Juríček, Sarah Kalmanová, Daniel Hvizdoš, Zuzana Frličková, Mária Janíčková

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):6-10 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.009  

Oronasal communication is a condition characterized by a pathological connection between the oral and nasal cavities. It represents a serious problem that affects patients' quality of life by causing difficulties with breathing, speech, and food intake. In this paper, we present cases of oronasal communication of traumatic etiology and discuss possible approaches to closing the resulting defect. Various surgical techniques are used in treatment, such as the palatal mucoperiosteal rotation flap or prosthetic methods, including temporary closure using a palatal plate – obturator prosthesis. The article evaluates achieved clinical outcomes, encountered...

Editorial

Juraj Strecha

Stomatológ 2024, 34(2):3  

Specific interactions of magnetic resonance imaging and materials used in orthodontics

Ľubomír Gazdík, Juraj Lysý, Viera Lehotská

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):36-39 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.007  

Nuclear magnetic resonance has become an essential diagnostic tool in medicine. Interactions between the magnetic field of the tomograph and materials used in orthodontic treatment can lead to adverse effects and a decrease in the diagnostic value of the examination. This article provides an overview of the issue with implications for clinical practice - it describes types of interactions and focuses on the specifics of their occurrence. It discusses options for influencing them and finally, it summarizes available guidelines from orthodontic associations regarding the examination of orthodontic patients using magnetic resonance imaging.

Possibilities of influence on growth and development of maxilla and mandible by orthodontic treatment

Natália Sokolová, Naďa Homzová, Mária Futejová, Kornélia Pandyová, Adriána Petrášová, Janka Jenčová, Andrej Jenča ml.

Stomatológ 2024, 34(1):32-35 | DOI: 10.69658/sto.2024.006  

By the action of mechanisms used in orthodontic treatment, we can influence the shape and growth of the jaws. During development, this can be achieved conservatively using orthodontic appliances; however, we are limited by the genetic potential of each individual, which affects the occurrence of various malocclusions, as well as genetically determined factors such as the size, shape, and direction of jaw and maxilla growth. Orthodontic regulation of the developing dentition is important, particularly from both functional and aesthetic perspectives. In this overview article, the authors provide a summary of information on the possibilities of influencing...