Stomatológ 2025, 35(2):28-30

Overview of Selected Biomaterials for Bone Augmentation in the Orofacial Region, Part I

MDDr. Zdenka LUČIVJANSKÁ, MDDr. Radoslav STEHLÍK, MUDr. Peter KIZEK, PhD., MHA, MPH, MDDr. Branislav BORZA, PhD.

Klinika stomatológie a maxilofaciálnej chirurgie UPJŠ LF a UN L. Pasteura v Košiciach

Bone augmentation in the orofacial region is an essential component of reconstructive surgery in the management
of defects caused by atrophy, trauma, or resection. This review provides an overview of selected biomaterials used
for bone regeneration, evaluating their biological properties, indications, and clinical effectiveness. Autologous
bone remains the gold standard due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive potential, although
its use is limited by donor-site morbidity and restricted availability. Allogeneic and xenogeneic materials offer
suitable alternatives with high predictability, particularly in combined augmentation techniques. Alloplastic
substitutes provide unlimited availability, standardized properties, and opportunities for customization, but lack
intrinsic osteogenic capacity. Current trends such as 3D printing, bioactive coatings, nanocomposites, and stemcell–
based approaches enhance regenerative outcomes and support personalized treatment strategies. Optimal
material selection depends on the type and extent of the defect, mechanical stability requirements, and soft-tissue
conditions. Presented overview is divided into three thematic sections.
The first section analyzes autologous grafts and xenogeneic materials, the second focuses on allogeneic bone
substitutes and synthetic biomaterials, and the third discusses new trends in regenerative medicine,
and a comparative evaluation of the materials.

Keywords: bone augmentation, autograft, xenograft

Published: January 1, 2026  Show citation